Análisis nutricional y su relación con el estrés psico-físico y el daño muscular en jugadoras profesionales de voleibol a lo largo de una temporada

261 p.Introducción: El daño muscular, el estrés y la fatiga generan modificaciones en los niveles plasmáticos de las hormonas del estrés y de distintas enzimas y proteínas musculares que sirven para conocer el grado de adaptación del deportista al ejercicio. Así, el control del balance entre las hormonas catabólicas y anabólicas es fundamental para controlar el grado de asimilación del entrenamiento, mientras que los marcadores bioquímicos de daño muscular nos indican el grado de adaptación metabólica del musculo esquelético al entrenamiento físico, observándose una recuperación más rápida de los valores basales cuando el musculo está adaptado. Por otro lado, el efecto de la nutrición sobre el daño muscular, el estrés y la fatiga ha sido ampliamente discutido en un gran número de investigaciones mostrando que durante la recuperación post-ejercicio una ingesta nutricional adecuada es importante para reponer las reservas endógenas de energía, el reacondicionamiento del musculo esquelético la reparación del daño muscular y por tanto evitar la fatiga. Otros autores han observado una correlación entre la ingesta de energía y carbohidratos previa al ejercicio con el grado de daño muscular post-ejercicio. Objetivos: 1. Valorar el estrés psico-físico originado por la actividad física deportiva profesional, en jugadoras profesionales de voleibol (JVF) provocado a lo largo de la temporada de competición. 2. Valorar el daño muscular provocado a lo largo de la temporada de competición. 3. Determinar la composición nutricional y alimentaria de la ingesta realizada por las JVF a lo largo de la temporada y valorar la adecuación de la ingesta a las recomendaciones dietéticas y nutricionales de referencia. 4. Determinar los cambios en el perfil antropométrico de las JVF a lo largo de la temporada. Material y métodos: Se estudió a un equipo de voleibol femenino profesional (n=10) durante una temporada deportiva. Para ello se recogieron tanto las muestras sanguíneas, datos psicológicos, antropométricos como dietéticos en 4 momentos durante la temporada: Octubre (T1): Previo al comienzo de la pretemporada. Diciembre (T2): Correspondiente a 11 semanas de entrenamiento (6 de pretemporada y 5 de específico). Marzo (T3): Previo a jugar la copa de S.M la Reina. Correspondiente a 10 semanas de entrenamiento competitivo. Abril (T4): Previo a jugar el play-off final. Correspondiente a 8 semanas de entrenamiento competitivo. Resultados: Los niveles de la hormona adenocorticotropa (ACTH) aumentaron significativamente (p < 0,05) respecto de los niveles basales durante todas las fases de la temporada. Además, el cortisol (C) cambió durante la temporada, con niveles más altos en diciembre y abril. Sin embargo, los niveles séricos de Testosterona Total (TT) disminuyeron durante la temporada hasta un mínimo en diciembre y un posterior aumento significativo (p < 0,05) en marzo y abril. La Testosterona Libre (TL) presentó niveles significativamente más altos (p < 0,05) en abril respecto a marzo. El ratio TT/C disminuyó significativamente (p < 0,05) en diciembre, seguido por un aumento significativo (p < 0,05) en abril. El ratio TL/C disminuyó durante la temporada (siendo el nivel más bajo en marzo) y aumentó significativamente durante la última parte de la temporada en abril. Los valores de ansiedad y desmotivación aumentaron en T2 para posteriormente bajar en T3 y T4, mientras que los valores del trastorno del sueño aumentaron y el control del estrés en T3y T4. Así mismo, se mostró una acumulación de daño muscular observado especialmente en la creatin-Kinasa, mioglobina y Lactado Deshidrogenasa en T3 y T4 por el acumulo de altas cargas de ejercicio (entrenamiento y partidos). Por otro lado, solo se observaron diferencias significativas (p < 0,05) en el de las proteínas de origen vegetal, el consumo de P, Zn, tiamina y Ca. También se observó que el consumo de kcal/kg peso/ día y el consumo de carbohidratos, tanto en g/kg peso/día como en porcentaje fue inferior a las recomendaciones. Por el contrario las JVF mostraron un mayor consumo de proteínas (g/kg peso/día y porcentaje) y de lípidos (porcentaje de energía, porcentaje de energía que aportan los AGS y monoinsaturados y colesterol) que las recomendaciones para dichos nutrientes. En cuanto a la composición corporal Se observó que las JVF disminuyeron de una forma significativa (p < 0,05) los valores de los sumatorios de 4, 6 y 8 pliegues (Σ4P, Σ6P, Σ8P) a lo largo de la temporada. Conclusiones: Los resultado de las hormonas del estrés, test psicológicos y de los marcadores de daño muscular nos informó que el estrés psico-físico y el daño muscular se fue acumulando a lo largo de la temporada. Además, su comportamiento nos sugiere un overreaching tras la pretemporada, mostrando sin embargo una correcta adaptación en los dos momentos más importantes de la temporada (Copa de S.M la Reina y el play-off final por el título). Así mismo, se observó un aumento de la masa muscular y disminución de la masa grasa, especialmente en las primeras fases de la temporada, además de que las dietas de las JVF no cumplieron con los criterios de cantidad y calidad para un correcto rendimiento deportivo y de la salud

Sarcopenia, exercise and quality of life

Producción CientíficaThe loss of strength, power, and muscle mass caused by the progressive deterioration from aging is known as “sarcopenia.” This age-related disease is closely related to the progressive loss of physical and cognitive abilities. The etiology of sarcopenia is multifactorial: hormonal, neurological, muscular, immunological, nutritional, or related to a sedentary lifestyle. These factors cause pathophysiological changes at the neuromuscular and tendon level, increased risk of chronic diseases (diabetes and osteoporosis), suppression of ketogenesis and changes in body temperature. Muscle mass gradually decreases by 3% to 8% every decade from the age of 30 onwards, and is particularly accentuated from 60 ahead. This results in a progressive decline in strength that contributes significantly to disability and loss of independence in the elderly. Therefore, to treat and delay sarcopenia, decisions regarding lifestyle habits must be taken into account. In addition, with the physiological and systemic changes in the body as age advances and accelerates the progression of this syndrome, lifestyle factors are much more controllable, and the inclusion of exercise (both endurance and strength) in a healthy lifestyle is of paramount importance. Therefore, in this Special Issue, “Sarcopenia, Exercise and Quality of Life” we focus on the current state of knowledge on the links between sarcopenia, exercise, and quality of life. [Texto extraído del artículo de Diego Fernández Lázaro]

Nutrition and muscle recovery

Producción CientíficaExercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) is characterized by histopathological muscle tissue changes that originate skeletal muscle damage. The destruction of skeletal muscle fibers causes an inflammatory response that decreases the athlete’s physical work capacity and sports performance. Thus, muscle recovery becomes essential and has become a priority for elite athletes in different sports modalities. To achieve optimal muscle recovery, athletes often combine additional recovery strategies (biological, pharmacological, mechanical, and nutritional) in the hope of improving physiological responses and competitive performance. This extra preparation could contribute sensibly and legally to athletes to adequately complement their training to obtain better performance or try “shortcuts” to reach the sport’s elite in less time, with treatments and/or prohibited artificial methods that improve their ability to achieve more extraordinary physical performance. Among the strategies employed, the nutritional plan has a decisive influence on the stimulation of muscle recovery. However, it is necessary to optimize the consumption of adequate amounts of energy, nutrients, and liquids, establishing the correct frequency and associated with the temporality of training and competition. [Texto extraído del artículo de Diego Fernández Lázaro]

Comparison of Sports Performance and Kinanthropometric Profiles of Elite Female Basketball and Volleyball Players over the Course of a Competitive Season

In order to maximize sports performance of team sportswomen, knowledge of the player’s characteristics in terms of different aspects and at different times of the season is needed. While the anthropometric and physical characteristics of men’s sports teams have been extensively studied, research on women’s basketball and volleyball is scarce. (1) Purpose: This study aims to contribute data about the anthropometric and physical characteristics of female basketball and volleyball players from elite women’s teams (age: 24.3 ± 2.7 years; playing experience: 14.825 ± 2.8 years) (n = 23) with a two-fold objective: (1) to describe and compare the anthropometric characteristics of these two disciplines; and (2) to identify possible differences in various parameters of sports performance depending on the discipline. (2) Methods: The anthropometric profile includes the measurements recommended by the International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry; the performance tests described aerobic and anaerobic power exercises. (3) Results: The overall somatotype of the players was moderate mesomorphic and low endomorphic (5.107–3.046–1.883). Statistical differences were found between the improvement of the physical performance level of female basketball players (77%) and female volleyball players (10%) from the first to the last measurement, with better results in most of the performance tests (p 0.05). The percentage of fat-free mass correlated with improvements in lower body strength. (4) Conclusion: Lean body mass is an important predictor of exercise performance intensity. Excess fat mass is detrimental to the development of strength and endurance

Ergo-Nutritional Intervention in Basketball: A Systematic Review

Using nutritional supplements is a widespread strategy among basketball players to ensure the appropriate provision of energy and nutrients to avoid certain complaints. Particularly in basketball, there is no consensus on the type, quantity or form of use in which these supplements should be administered. Therefore, the main aim of this systematic review is to highlight the ergo-nutritional aids that may be effective in basketball. A structured search was carried out following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA®) guidelines in the Medline/PubMed and Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Scopus databases until 31 December 2021; no year restriction was applied to the search strategy. There were no filters applied to the basketball players’ level, gender, race, or age to increase the power of the analysis. The results of this systematic review have shown that the effective dose of caffeine to enhance anaerobic performance and the feeling of vigorousness and energy ranges from 3 to 6 mg·kg−1, showing more positive effects when is supplemented 60–75 min before exercise in the morning and in test-based task. On the other hand, vitamin E (ranging from 200 to 268 mg), vitamin D (10,000 IU) and EPA (2 g) may have a potential role in recovery and wellness. The primary limitation of this study is the scarcity of studies related to nutritional supplementation in basketball players. However, a major strength is that this is the first systematic review describing what ergo-nutritional aids may be specifically helpful for basketball. Despite the need for future studies, certain nutritional supplements may have promising advantages for basketball (long-term supplementation of nitrates for recovery), whereas others (β-alanine, sodium bicarbonate, and acute nitrate supplementation) might theoretically be regarded as not interesting for basketball, or even not recommended by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) as bovine colostrum

A Glimpse of the Sports Nutrition Awareness in Spanish Basketball Players

Basketball is a team sport, with many fans and practitioners worldwide from all ages and levels. In all cases, players accumulate high levels of fatigue, and there is also limited time to recover between games or practices. In particular, nutrition plays a key role in optimizing performance and recovery. However, it is typical to observe erroneous nutritional behaviors among basketball players. It has been theorized that these behaviors are influenced by habits acquired based on the individual’s knowledge. Therefore, the main aim of this study was to conduct a descriptive research of the sports nutrition knowledge and practices in a sample of Spanish basketball players, from athletes under 18 years old (n = 69) to nonprofessional (n = 14) and professional adult players (n = 21). The sample was comprised of 49 men and 55 women. This was a transversal, cross-sectional, observational and descriptive study. All participants (n = 104) completed an anonymous online survey in order to analyze their sports nutrition knowledge and practices. In view of the obtained results, we can conclude that the knowledge of sport-specific nutrition in players under 18 years old, as well as non-professional and professional adult basketball players, is insufficient through all the categories and levels. The lack of professional support and time management difficulties were identified as some of the main barriers

Iron and physical activity: Bioavailability enhancers, properties of black pepper (Bioperine®) and potential applications

Producción CientíficaBlack pepper (Piper nigrum L.) has been employed in medicine (epilepsy, headaches, and diabetes), where its effects are mainly attributed to a nitrogen alkaloid called piperidine (1-(1-[1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl]-1-oxo-2,4 pentenyl) piperidine). Piperine co-administered with vitamins and minerals has improved its absorption. Therefore, this study aimed to describe the impact of the joint administration of iron (Fe) plus black pepper in physically active healthy individuals. Fe is a micronutrient that aids athletic performance by influencing the physiological functions involved in endurance sports by improving the transport, storage, and utilization of oxygen. Consequently, athletes have risk factors for Fe depletion, Fe deficiency, and eventually, anemia, mainly from mechanical hemolysis, gastrointestinal disturbances, and loss of Fe through excessive sweating. Declines in Fe stores have been reported to negatively alter physical capacities such as aerobic capacity, strength, and skeletal muscle recovery in elite athletes. Thus, there is a need to maintain Fe storage, even if Fe intake meets the recommended daily allowance (RDA), and Fe supplementation may be justified in physically active individuals, in states of Fe deficiency, with or without anemia. Females, in particular, should monitor their Fe hematological profile. The recommended oral Fe supplements are ferrous or ferric salts, sulfate, fumarate, and gluconate. These preparations constitute the first line of treatment; however, the high doses administered have gastrointestinal side effects that reduce tolerance and adherence to treatment. Thus, a strategy to counteract these adverse effects is to improve the bioavailability of Fe. Therefore, piperine may benefit the absorption of Fe through its bioavailability enhancement properties. Three research studies of Fe associated with black pepper have reported improvements in parameters related to the metabolism of Fe, without adverse effects. Although more research is needed, this could represent an advance in oral Fe supplementation for physically active individuals

25-hydroxyvitamin D serum levels linked to single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (rs2228570, rs2282679, rs10741657) in skeletal muscle aging in institutionalized elderly men not supplemented with vitamin D

Producción CientíficaSarcopenia (Sp) is the loss of skeletal muscle mass associated with aging that results in an involution of muscle function and strength. Vitamin D deficiency is a common health problem worldwide, especially among the elderly, and hypovitaminosis D leads to musculoskeletal disorders. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact and presence of a possible linkage between Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) CYP2R1 (rs10741657), GC (rs2282679), and VDR (rs2228570), serum 25-OH/D concentrations and the link with the degree of sarcopenia in 19 institutionalized elderly men not supplemented with vitamin D. Levels of 25-OH vitamin D were quantified with a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit and 3 SNPs were genotyped with KASPar assays. Significant differences in 25-OH/D concentration were determined between the bi-allelic combinations of rs228679 and rs228570. We detected statistically significant weak positive correlations between the AA (rs10741657 and rs228570) and TT (rs228679) and alleles and 25-OH/D and the probability of having higher 25-OH/D concentrations was 2- to 3-fold higher. However, the GG alleles of the 3 SNPs showed that the probability of having optimal 25-0H/D concentrations decreases by 32% for rs10741657, 38% for rs228679, and 74% for rs228570, showing a strong negative correlation between the degree of sarcopenia and 25-OH/D levels. Allelic variations in CYP2R1 (rs10741657), GC (rs2282679), and VDR (rs10741657) affect vitamin D levels and decisively influence the degree of sarcopenia in institutionalized elderly people.Universidad de Valladolid, Cátedra de Conocimiento e Innovación “Caja Rural de Soria” - (project SO-1-2020

Effects of Arginine Supplementation on Athletic Performance Based on Energy Metabolism: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Producción CientíficaNitric oxide related ergogenic aids such as arginine (Arg) have shown to impact positively on sport performance through several physiological and metabolic mechanisms. However, research results have shown to be controversial. The great differences regarding required metabolic pathways and physiological demands between aerobic and anaerobic sport disciplines could be the reasons. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to evaluate the effects of Arg supplementation on aerobic (≤VO2max) and anaerobic (>VO2max) performance. Likewise, to show the effective dose and timing of this supplementation. A structured search was carried out in accordance with PRISMA® (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) statement and PICOS guidelines in PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science (WOS), and Scopus databases from inception to January 2020. Eighteen studies were included which compare Arg supplementation with placebo in an identical situation and testing its effects on aerobic and anaerobic performance tests. Trials analyzing supplementation with other supplements were removed and there was not athlete’s level, gender, ethnicity, or age filters. The performed meta-analysis included 15 studies and random effects model and pooled standardized mean differences (SMD) were used according to Hedges’ g. Results revealed that Arg supplementation could improve aerobic (SMD, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.12 to 1.56; magnitude of SMD (MSMD), large; I2, 89%; p = 0.02) and anaerobic (SMD, 0.24; 95% CI, 0.05 to 0.43; MSMD, small; I2, 0%; p = 0.01) performance tests. In conclusion, acute Arg supplementation protocols to improve aerobic and anaerobic performance should be adjusted to 0.15 g/kg of body weight ingested between 60–90 min before. Moreover, chronic Arg supplementation should include 1.5–2 g/day for 4–7 weeks in order to improve aerobic performance, and 10–12 g/day for 8 weeks to enhance anaerobic performance

The Effect of Different Cadence on Paddling Gross Efficiency and Economy in Stand-Up Paddle Boarding

Background: Due to the importance of energy efficiency and economy in endurance performance, it is important to know the influence of different paddling cadences on these variables in the stand-up paddleboarding (SUP). The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of paddling at different cadences on the energy efficiency, economy, and physiological variables of international SUP race competitors. Methods: Ten male paddlers (age 28.8 ± 11.0 years; height 175.4 ± 5.1 m; body mass 74.2 ± 9.4 kg) participating in international tests carried out two test sessions. In the first one, an incremental exercise test was conducted to assess maximal oxygen uptake and peak power output (PPO). On the second day, they underwent 3 trials of 8 min each at 75% of PPO reached in the first test session. Three cadences were carried out in different trials randomly assigned between 45–55 and 65 strokes-min−1 (spm). Heart rate (HR), blood lactate, perceived sense of exertion (RPE), gross efficiency, economy, and oxygen uptake (VO2) were measured in the middle (4-min) and the end (8-min) of each trial. Results: Economy (45.3 ± 5.7 KJ·l−1 at 45 spm vs. 38.1 ± 5.3 KJ·l−1 at 65 spm; p = 0.010) and gross efficiency (13.4 ± 2.3% at 45 spm vs. 11.0 ± 1.6% at 65 spm; p = 0.012) was higher during de 45 spm condition than 65 spm in the 8-min. Respiratory exchange ratio (RER) presented a lower value at 4-min than at 8-min in 55 spm (4-min, 0.950 ± 0.065 vs. 8-min, 0.964 ± 0.053) and 65 spm cadences (4-min, 0.951 ± 0.030 vs. 8-min, 0.992 ± 0.047; p < 0.05). VO2, HR, lactate, and RPE were lower (p < 0.05) at 45 spm (VO2, 34.4 ± 6.0 mL·kg−1·min−1; HR, 161.2 ± 16.4 beats·min−1; lactate, 3.5 ± 1.0 mmol·l−1; RPE, 6.0 ± 2.1) than at 55 spm (VO2, 38.6 ± 5.2 mL·kg−1·min−1; HR, 168.1 ± 15.1 beats·min−1; lactate, 4.2 ± 1.2 mmol·l−1; RPE, 6.9 ± 1.4) and 65 spm (VO2, 38.7 ± 5.9 mL·kg−1·min−1; HR, 170.7 ± 13.0 beats·min−1; 5.3 ± 1.8 mmol·l−1; RPE, 7.6 ± 1.4) at 8-min. Moreover, lactate and RPE at 65 spm was greater than 55 spm (p < 0.05) at 8-min. Conclusion: International male SUP paddlers were most efficient and economical when paddling at 45 spm vs. 55 or 65 spm, confirmed by lower RPE values, which may likely translate to faster paddling speed and greater endurance